Goguryeo controlled not only Koreans but also Chinese and other Tungusic tribes in Manchuria and North Korea. Goguryeo eventually occupied the Liaodong Plains in Manchuria and today's Seoul area. For the next century or so, Goguryeo was the dominant nation in Chinese Manchuria and the Korean peninsula. The state was at its zenith in the fifth century during the rule of King Gwanggaeto the Great and his son King Jangsu in their campaign against China in Manchuria. The cultural influence of the Chinese continued as Buddhism was adopted as the official religion in 372. At the beginning, the state was located on the border with China it gradually expanded into Manchuria and destroyed the Chinese Lelang commandery in 313. Goguryeo, eventually the largest of the three kingdoms, had several capitals in alternation: two capitals in the upper Yalu area, and later Nangrang (樂浪: Lelang in Chinese) which is now part of Pyongyang. Evidence indicates Goguryeo was the most advanced, and likely the first established, of the three kingdoms. The first mention of Goguryeo in Chinese records dates from 75 BC in reference to a commandery established by the Chinese Han dynasty, although even earlier mentions of "Guri"(句丽） may be of the same state. Goguryeo emerged on the north and south banks of the Yalu (Amrok) River, in the wake of Gojoseon's fall. In the 4th century, Buddhism was introduced to the peninsula and spread rapidly, briefly becoming the official religion of all three kingdoms. Their original religions appear to have been shamanistic, but they were increasingly influenced by Chinese culture, particularly Confucianism and Taoism. The three polities made the transition from walled-town state to full-fledged state-level societies between 1st – 3rd century AD.Īll three kingdoms shared a similar culture and language. The nascent precursors of Baekje and Silla expanded within the web of statelets during the Proto Three Kingdoms Period, and Goguryeo conquered neighboring state like Buyeo in Manchuria and chiefdoms in Okjeo, Dongye which occupied the northeastern Korean peninsula. Three fell quickly to the Samhan, and the last was destroyed by Goguryeo in 313. After the fall of Gojoseon, the Han dynasty established four commanderies in present Liaoning. The Three Kingdoms were founded after the fall of Gojoseon, and gradually conquered and absorbed various other small states and confederacies. The name "Three Kingdoms" was used in the titles of the Korean histories Samguk Sagi (12th century) and Samguk Yusa (13th century), and should not be confused with the Chinese Three Kingdoms.
Baekje and Silla only dominated southern part of the peninsula whereas Goguryeo controlled the Liaodong Peninsula, Manchuria and the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. The three kingdoms occupied parts of Manchuria, in present-day China and Russia, and the Korean Peninsula. The Three Kingdoms period was defined as being from 57 BC to 668 AD (but there existed about 78 tribal states in the southern region of Korean peninsula and relatively big states like Okjeo, Buyeo, and Dongye in its northern part and Manchuria). The kingdom of Goguryeo is different from the Korean dynasty Goryeo (高麗, 928–1392 AD). The concept of the Three Kingdoms of Korea ( Hangul: 삼국시대 hanja: 三國時代) refers to the three kingdoms of Baekje (百濟), Silla (新羅) and Goguryeo (高句麗).
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hangul and hanja. Map of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, at the end of the 5th century.
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